Selamat siang para pemirsa! ketemu lagi sama Alvin!
kali ini mau post yang berguna dan penting-penting aja ah!
Nah, pasti pembaca udah tau yang namanya "UFO" dan misterinya? pasti ada (Triliunan) orang yang pada tau. memang hal ini udah ditulis di berbagai blog ampe website, tapi kali ini kayaknya gue gak ada ide.....
okelah kalo begitu......
(aku liat Wikipedia trus dapat ni theme. aku translate loh.)
ufo hasil jepretan di new jersey loh!!!!!
HIPOTESIS EXTRATERRESIAL
Meskipun secara teknis sebuah UFO mengacu pada setiap benda terbang tak dikenal, dalam budaya populer modern UFO istilah umumnya menjadi identik dengan pesawat ruang angkasa alien, [1] Namun, istilah ETV (Kendaraan Extraterrestrial) kadang-kadang digunakan untuk memisahkan ini penjelasan dari UFO benar-benar membumi penjelasan.
(warnig 1234: hasil translate sungguh abal-abal. harap disikapi dengan kepala dingin...)
Para pendukung berpendapat bahwa karena obyek tampaknya teknologi dan fenomena tidak alami dan diduga menampilkan karakteristik penerbangan atau memiliki bentuk yang tampaknya tidak diketahui dengan teknologi konvensional, kesimpulannya adalah bahwa mereka tidak harus dari Bumi. [3] [4] [5] [6] Meskipun penampakan UFO telah terjadi sepanjang catatan sejarah, minat modern yang di dalamnya berasal dari Perang Dunia II (lihat foo fighter), lebih lanjut memicu pada 1940-an oleh laporan Kenneth Arnold dari pertemuan dekat, yang menyebabkan coining dari istilah terbang cawan, dan Roswell Insiden UFO. Sejak itu pemerintah telah menyelidiki laporan UFO, sering dari perspektif militer, dan UFO peneliti telah menyelidiki, menulis tentang, dan menciptakan organisasi yang ditujukan untuk subjek. Salah satu penyelidikan tersebut, Inggris Proyek yg patut diberi, dipublikasikan pada tahun 2006, disebabkan penampakan UFO akuntabel untuk diketahui dan dijelaskan secara ilmiah sampai sekarang "lapangan plasma." Hal ini juga menyimpulkan bahwa Rusia, Republik Soviet, dan pihak berwenang Cina telah melakukan upaya terkoordinasi untuk memahami fenomena UFO dan bahwa organisasi militer, khususnya di Rusia, telah melakukan "pekerjaan jauh lebih (dibanding terbukti dari sumber terbuka)" pada aplikasi militer yang berasal dari penelitian UFO mereka. Laporan ini juga mencatat bahwa "beberapa pesawat telah hancur dan setidaknya empat pilot tewas 'mengejar UFO'."
(warning 5678: aduh pulsa modem tinggal sedikit! sisanya translate sendiri ya. maaf!)
Studies
Studies have established that the majority of UFO observations are
misidentified conventional objects or natural phenomena—most commonly
aircraft, balloons,
noctilucent clouds,
nacreous clouds, or astronomical objects such as meteors or bright planets with a small percentage even being hoaxes.
[8]
After excluding incorrect reports, however, most investigators have
acknowledged that between 5% and 20% of reported sightings remain
unexplained, and therefore can be classified as unidentified in the
strictest sense. Many reports have been made by such trained observers
as pilots, police, and the military; some have involved simultaneous
radar tracking and visual accounts.
[9] Proponents of the
extraterrestrial hypothesis suggest that these unexplained reports are of alien spacecraft, though various other hypotheses have been proposed.
While UFOs have been the subject of extensive investigation by
various governments and although some scientists support the
extraterrestrial hypothesis, few scientific papers about UFOs have been
published in peer-reviewed journals.
[10] There has been some debate in the
scientific community about whether any scientific investigation into UFO sightings is warranted.
[11][12][13][14][15][16][17]
The void left by the lack of institutional scientific study has given
rise to independent researchers and groups, including NICAP (the
National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena) in the mid-1900s
and, more recently, MUFON (Mutual UFO Network)
[18] and CUFOS (Center for UFO Studies).
[19]
The term "Ufology" is used to describe the collective efforts of those
who study reports and associated evidence of unidentified flying
objects. According to MUFON, as of 2011 the number of UFO reports to
their worldwide offices has increased by 67% from the previous three
years and now averages around 500 reported sightings per month.
[20]
UFOs have become a relevant theme in modern culture,
[21] and the social phenomena have been the subject of academic research in sociology and psychology.
[10]
(warning 9012: jika biru di-klik anda malah ke site aslinya.)
Early history
Unexplained aerial observations have been reported throughout history. Some were undoubtedly astronomical in nature:
comets, bright
meteors, one or more of the five planets that can be seen with the naked eye, planetary conjunctions, or atmospheric
optical phenomena such as
parhelia and
lenticular clouds. An example is
Halley's Comet,
which was recorded first by Chinese astronomers in 240 B.C. and
possibly as early as 467 B.C. Such sightings throughout history often
were treated as
supernatural portents,
angels, or other religious
omens.
Some current-day UFO researchers have noticed similarities between some
religious symbols in medieval paintings and UFO reports
[23]
though the canonical and symbolic character of such images is
documented by art historians placing more conventional religious
interpretations on such images.
[24]
- On January 25, 1878, The Denison Daily News
noted that John Martin, a local farmer, had reported seeing a large,
dark, circular object resembling a balloon flying "at wonderful speed."
Martin, according to the newspaper account, said it appeared to be about
the size of a saucer, the first known use of the word "saucer" in
association with a UFO.[25]
- On February 28, 1904, there was a sighting by three crew members on the USS Supply 300 miles west of San Francisco, reported by Lt. Frank Schofield, later to become Commander-in-Chief of the Pacific Battle Fleet. Schofield wrote of three bright red egg-shaped and circular objects flying in echelon formation
that approached beneath the cloud layer, then changed course and
"soared" above the clouds, departing directly away from the earth after
two to three minutes. The largest had an apparent size of about six
suns, he said.[26]
- The three earliest known pilot UFO sightings, of 1305 cataloged by NARCAP, took place in 1916 and 1926. On January 31, 1916, a UK pilot near Rochford
reported a row of lights, resembling lighted windows on a railway
carriage, that rose and disappeared. In January 1926 a pilot reported
six "flying manhole covers" between Wichita, Kansas, and Colorado Springs, Colorado. In late September 1926 an airmail pilot over Nevada said he had been forced to land by a huge, wingless, cylindrical object.[27]
- On August 5, 1926, while traveling in the Humboldt Mountains of Tibet's Kokonor region, Russian explorer Nicholas Roerich
reported, members of his expedition saw "something big and shiny
reflecting the sun, like a huge oval moving at great speed. Crossing our
camp the thing changed in its direction from south to southwest. And we
saw how it disappeared in the intense blue sky. We even had time to
take our field glasses and saw quite distinctly an oval form with shiny
surface, one side of which was brilliant from the sun.”[28]
Another description by Roerich was of a "shiny body flying from north
to south. Field glasses are at hand. It is a huge body. One side glows
in the sun. It is oval in shape. Then it somehow turns in another
direction and disappears in the southwest."[29]
- In the Pacific and European theatres during World War II, "foo-fighters"
(metallic spheres, balls of light and other shapes that followed
aircraft) were reported and on occasion photographed by Allied and Axis
pilots. Some proposed Allied explanations at the time included St. Elmo's Fire, the planet Venus, hallucinations from oxygen deprivation, or German secret weapons.[30][31]
- On February 25, 1942, U.S. Army observers reported unidentified
aircraft both visually and on radar over the Los Angeles, California,
region. Antiaircraft artillery was fired at what were presumed to be
Japanese planes. No readily apparent explanation was offered, though
some officials dismissed the reports of aircraft as being triggered by
anxieties over expected Japanese air attacks on California. However,
Army Chief of Staff Gen. George C. Marshall and Secretary of War Henry Stimson insisted that real aircraft were involved. The incident later became known as the Battle of Los Angeles, or the West coast air raid.
- In 1946 more than 2,000 reports were collected, primarily by the
Swedish military, of unidentified aerial objects over the Scandinavian
nations, along with isolated reports from France, Portugal, Italy and
Greece. The objects were referred to as "Russian hail" and later as "ghost rockets" because it was thought that the mysterious objects were possibly Russian tests of captured German V1 or V2 rockets.
Although most were thought to be such natural phenomena as meteors,
more than 200 were tracked on radar by the Swedish military and deemed
to be "real physical objects." In a 1948 top secret
document, Swedish authorities advised the USAF Europe that some of
their investigators believed these craft to be extraterrestrial in
origin.
The Kenneth Arnold sightings
This shows the report Kenneth Arnold filed in 1947 about his UFO sighting.
The post World War II UFO phase in the United States began with a famous sighting by American businessman
Kenneth Arnold on June 24, 1947, while flying his private plane near
Mount Rainier,
Washington. He reported seeing nine brilliant objects flying across the face of the mountain.
Although other U. S. sightings of similar objects preceded Arnold's,
his first received significant media attention and captured the public's
imagination. Arnold described what he saw as being "flat like a pie
pan", "shaped like saucers and were so thin I could barely see them… ",
"half-moon shaped, oval in front and convex in the rear. . . . they
looked like a big flat disk" (see Arnold's drawing at right), and flew
"like a saucer would if you skipped it across the water". (One of the
objects, however, he would describe later as crescent-shaped.) Arnold’s
descriptions were widely reported and within a few days gave rise to the
terms
flying saucer and
flying disk.
[32]
Arnold’s sighting was followed in the next few weeks by hundreds of
other reported sightings, mostly in the U.S., but in other countries as
well. In one instance a
United Airlines crew reported nine disc-like objects over
Idaho
on the evening of July 4. At the time, this sighting was even more
widely reported than Arnold’s and lent considerable credence to the
Arnold incident.
[33]
American UFO researcher Ted Bloecher, in his comprehensive review of
newspaper reports (including cases that preceded Arnold's), found a
sudden surge upwards in sightings on July 4, peaking on July 6–8.
Bloecher noted that for the next few days most American newspapers were
filled with front-page stories of the new "flying saucers" or "flying
discs". Speculation as to what these objects were was rampant. Theories
ranged from hallucinations,
mass hysteria,
optical illusions,
hoaxes, reflections off airplanes, unusual atmospheric conditions, and
weather balloons to byproducts of atomic testing or U.S./Russian secret
weapons and even esoteric interdimensional or interplanetary visitors.
Reports diminished after July 8,
[34] when government officials began issuing press statements on the
Roswell UFO incident, in which they explained debris found on the ground by a rancher as being the remains of a weather balloon.
[35]
Over several years in the 1960s Bloecher (aided by physicist
James E. McDonald) discovered 853 flying disc sightings from 140 newspapers from Canada, Washington D.C, and every U.S. state except Montana.
[36]
Investigations
UFOs have been subject to investigations over the years that varied
widely in scope and scientific rigor. Governments or independent
academics in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Japan, Peru,
France, Belgium, Sweden, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, Mexico, Spain, and the
Soviet Union are known to have investigated UFO reports at various
times.
Among the best known government studies are the
ghost rockets investigation by the Swedish military (1946–1947),
Project Blue Book, previously
Project Sign and
Project Grudge, conducted by the
United States Air Force from 1947 until 1969, the secret U.S. Army/Air Force Project Twinkle investigation into
green fireballs (1948–1951), the secret USAF Project Blue Book Special Report #14
[37] by the
Battelle Memorial Institute, and Brazilian Air Force Operation Saucer (1977). France has had an ongoing investigation (GEPAN/SEPRA/
GEIPAN) within its space agency
CNES since 1977; the government of Uruguay has had a similar investigation since 1989.
Project Sign
Project Sign in 1948 produced a highly classified finding (see
Estimate of the Situation) that the best UFO reports probably had an extraterrestrial explanation; the private but high-level French
COMETA
study of 1999 reached a similar conclusion. A top secret Swedish
military opinion given to the USAF in 1948 stated that some of their
analysts believed that the 1946
ghost rockets and later
flying saucers had extraterrestrial origins. (see
Ghost rockets for document). In 1954 German rocket scientist
Hermann Oberth
revealed that an internal West German government investigation, which
he headed, had arrived at an extraterrestrial conclusion, but this study
was never made public.
Project Magnet
Classified, internal reports by the Canadian
Project Magnet
in 1952 and 1953 also assigned high probability to extraterrestrial
origins. Publicly, however, neither Project Magnet nor later Canadian
defense studies ever stated such a conclusion.
Project Grudge
Project Sign was dismantled and became
Project Grudge
at the end of 1948. Angered by the low quality of investigations by
Grudge, the Air Force Director of Intelligence reorganized it as
Project Blue Book
in late 1951, placing Ruppelt in charge. Blue Book closed down in 1970,
using the Condon Commission's negative conclusion as a rationale, thus
ending official Air Force UFO investigations. However, a 1969 USAF
document, known as the Bolender memo, along with later government
documents, revealed that non-public U.S. government UFO investigations
continued after 1970. The Bollender memo first stated that "reports of
unidentified flying objects that could affect national security . . .
are not part of the Blue Book system," indicating that more serious UFO
incidents already were handled outside the public Blue Book
investigation. The memo then added, "reports of UFOs which could affect
national security would continue to be handled through the standard Air
Force procedures designed for this purpose."
[38]
In addition, in the late 1960s a chapter on UFOs in the Space Sciences
course at the U.S. Air Force Academy gave serious consideration to
possible extraterrestrial origins. When word of the curriculum became
public, the Air Force in 1970 issued a statement to the effect that the
book was outdated and that cadets instead were being informed of the
Condon report's negative conclusion.
[39]
USAF Regulation 200-2
Air Force Regulation 200-2,
[40]
issued in 1953 and 1954, defined an Unidentified Flying Object ("UFOB")
as "any airborne object which by performance, aerodynamic
characteristics, or unusual features, does not conform to any presently
known aircraft or missile type, or which cannot be positively identified
as a familiar object." The regulation also said UFOBs were to be
investigated as a "possible threat to the security of the United States"
and "to determine technical aspects involved." The regulation went on
to say that "it is permissible to inform news media representatives on
UFOB's when the object is positively identified as a familiar object,"
but added: "For those objects which are not explainable, only the fact
that ATIC [Air Technical Intelligence Center] will analyze the data is
worthy of release, due to many unknowns involved."
[41][42]
Project Bluebook
J. Allen Hynek, a trained astronomer who served as a scientific advisor for
Project Bluebook,
was initially skeptical of UFO reports, but eventually came to the
conclusion that many of them could not be satisfactorily explained and
was highly critical of what he described as "the cavalier disregard by
Project Blue Book of the principles of scientific investigation."
[43] Leaving government work, he founded the privately funded
Center for UFO Studies, to whose work he devoted the rest of his life. Other private groups studying the phenomenon include the
Mutual UFO Network, a grass roots organization whose investigator's handbooks go into great detail on the documentation of alleged UFO sightings.
Like Hynek, Jacques Vallée, a scientist and prominent UFO researcher,
has pointed to what he believes is the scientific deficiency of most
UFO research, including government studies. He complains of the
mythology and cultism often associated with the phenomenon, but alleges
that several hundred professional scientists—a group both he and Hyneck
have termed "the invisible college" -- continue to study UFOs in
private.
[21]
Scientific studies
The study of UFOs has received little support in mainstream
scientific literature. Official studies ended in the U.S. in December
1969, following the statement by the government scientist Edward Condon
that further study of UFOs could not be justified on grounds of
scientific advancement.
[13]
The Condon report and its conclusions were endorsed by the National
Academy of Scientists, of which Condon was a member. On the other hand, a
scientific review by the UFO subcommittee of the
AIAA
disagreed with Condon's conclusion, noting that at least 30 percent of
the cases studied remained unexplained and that scientific benefit might
be gained by continued study.
Critics argue that all UFO evidence is anecdotal
[44]
and can be explained as prosaic natural phenomena. Defenders of UFO
research counter that knowledge of observational data, other than what
is reported in the popular media, is limited in the scientific community
and that further study is needed.
[21][45]
No official government investigation has ever publicly concluded that
UFOs are indisputably real, physical objects, extraterrestrial in
origin, or of concern to national defense. These same negative
conclusions also have been found in studies that were highly classified
for many years, such as the UK's
Flying Saucer Working Party,
Project Condign, the US CIA-sponsored
Robertson Panel, the US military investigation into the
green fireballs from 1948 to 1951, and the
Battelle Memorial Institute study for the USAF from 1952 to 1955 (Project Blue Book Special Report #14).
Some public government reports have acknowledged the possibility of
physical reality of UFOs, but have stopped short of proposing
extraterrestrial origins, though not dismissing the possibility
entirely. Examples are the Belgian military investigation into
large triangles over their airspace in 1989–1991 and the recent 2009
Uruguay Air Force study conclusion (see below).
Some private studies have been neutral in their conclusions, but
argued that the inexplicable core cases call for continued scientific
study. Examples are the Sturrock Panel study of 1998 and the 1970
AIAA review of the
Condon Report.
United States
US investigations into UFOs include:
Thousands of documents released under
FOIA
also indicate that many U.S. intelligence agencies collected (and still
collect) information on UFOs. These agencies include the
Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA),
FBI,
CIA,
National Security Agency (NSA), as well as military intelligence agencies of the Army and Navy, in addition to the Air Force.
[48]
The investigation of UFOs has also attracted many civilians, who in the U.S formed research groups such as
National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena (NICAP, active 1956–1980),
Aerial Phenomena Research Organization (APRO, 1952–1988),
Mutual UFO Network (MUFON, 1969–), and
Center for UFO Studies (CUFOS, 1973–).
In November 2011, the
White House released an official response to two petitions asking the
U.S. government
to acknowledge formally that aliens have visited this planet and to
disclose any intentional withholding of government interactions with
extraterrestrial beings. According to the response, "The U.S. government
has no evidence that any life exists outside our planet, or that an
extraterrestrial presence has contacted or engaged any member of the
human race."
[49][50]
Also, according to the response, there is "no credible information to
suggest that any evidence is being hidden from the public's eye."
[49][50] The response further noted that efforts, like
SETI, the
Kepler space telescope and the
NASA Mars rover, continue looking for
signs of life.
The response noted "odds are pretty high" that there may be life on
other planets but "the odds of us making contact with any of
them—especially any
intelligent ones—are extremely small, given the distances involved."
[49][50]
Post-1947 sightings
Following the large U.S. surge in sightings in June and early July 1947, on July 9, 1947,
Army Air Force (AAF) intelligence, in cooperation with the
FBI,
began a formal investigation into selected sightings with
characteristics that could not be immediately rationalized, which
included
Kenneth Arnold’s
and that of the United Airlines crew. The AAF used "all of its top
scientists" to determine whether "such a phenomenon could, in fact,
occur." The research was "being conducted with the thought that the
flying objects might be a celestial phenomenon," or that "they might be a
foreign body mechanically devised and controlled."
[51]
Three weeks later in a preliminary defense estimate, the air force
investigation decided that, "This ‘flying saucer’ situation is not all
imaginary or seeing too much in some natural phenomenon. Something is
really flying around."
[52]
A further review by the intelligence and technical divisions of the
Air Materiel Command at
Wright Field
reached the same conclusion. It reported that "the phenomenon is
something real and not visionary or fictitious," that there were objects
in the shape of a disc, metallic in appearance, and as big as man-made
aircraft. They were characterized by "extreme rates of climb [and]
maneuverability," general lack of noise, absence of trail, occasional
formation flying, and "evasive" behavior "when sighted or contacted by
friendly aircraft and radar," suggesting a controlled craft. It was
therefore recommended in late September 1947 that an official Air Force
investigation be set up to investigate the phenomenon. It was also
recommended that other government agencies should assist in the
investigation.
[53]
Project Sign
This led to the creation of the Air Force’s
Project Sign
at the end of 1947, one of the earliest government studies to come to a
secret extraterrestrial conclusion. In August 1948 Sign investigators
wrote a
top-secret intelligence estimate to that effect, but the
Air Force Chief of Staff Hoyt Vandenberg
ordered it destroyed. The existence of this suppressed report was
revealed by several insiders who had read it, such as astronomer and
USAF consultant
J. Allen Hynek and Capt.
Edward J. Ruppelt, the first head of the USAF's
Project Blue Book.
[54]
Another highly classified U.S. study was conducted by the CIA's
Office of Scientific Investigation (OS/I) in the latter half of 1952 in
response to orders from the
National Security Council
(NSC). This study concluded UFOs were real physical objects of
potential threat to national security. One OS/I memo to the CIA Director
(DCI) in December read, "...the reports of incidents convince us that
there is something going on that must have immediate attention....
Sightings of unexplained objects at great altitudes and traveling at
high speeds in the vicinity of major U.S. defense installations are of
such a nature that they are not attributable to natural phenomena or any
known types of aerial vehicles." The matter was considered so urgent
that OS/I drafted a memorandum from the DCI to the NSC proposing that
the NSC establish an investigation of UFOs as a priority project
throughout the intelligence and the defense research and development
community. It also urged the DCI to establish an external research
project of top-level scientists, now known as the
Robertson Panel
to analyze the problem of UFOs. The OS/I investigation was called off
after the Robertson Panel's negative conclusions in January 1953.
[55]
The Condon Committee
A public research effort conducted by the
Condon Committee
for the USAF, which arrived at a negative conclusion in 1968, marked
the end of the US government's official investigation of UFOs, though
documents indicate various government intelligence agencies continue
unofficially to investigate or monitor the situation.
[56]
Controversy has surrounded the Condon report, both before and after
it was released. It has been observed that the report was "harshly
criticized by numerous scientists, particularly at the powerful
AIAA … [which] recommended moderate, but continuous scientific work on UFOs".
[13] In an address made to the
AAAS,
James E. McDonald
stated that he believed science had failed to mount adequate studies of
the problem, criticizing the Condon report and prior studies by the US
Air Force for being scientifically deficient. He also questioned the
basis for Condon's conclusions
[57] and argued that the reports of UFOs have been "laughed out of scientific court."
[12]
J. Allen Hynek, an astronomer whose position as USAF consultant from
1948 made him perhaps the most knowledgeable scientist connected with
the subject, sharply criticized the report of the Condon Committee and
later wrote two nontechnical books that set forth the case for
investigating seemingly baffling UFO reports.
Ruppelt recounted his experiences with Project Blue Book in his memoir,
The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects (1956).
[58]
Notable cases
- The Roswell Incident
(1947) involved New Mexico residents, local law enforcement officers,
and the US military, the latter of whom allegedly collected physical
evidence from the UFO crash site.
- In the Kecksburg Incident,
Pennsylvania (1965), residents reported seeing a bell shaped object
crash in the area. Police officers, and possibly military personnel,
were sent to investigate.
Canada
In Canada, the
Department of National Defence has dealt with reports, sightings and investigations of UFOs across Canada. In addition to conducting investigations into
crop circles in
Duhamel, Alberta, it still considers "unsolved" the
Falcon Lake incident in Manitoba and the
Shag Harbour incident in Nova Scotia.
[59]
Early Canadian studies included
Project Magnet (1950–1954) and
Project Second Storey (1952–1954), supported by the
Defence Research Board.
These studies were headed by Canadian Department of Transport radio
engineer Wilbert B. Smith, who later publicly supported extraterrestrial
origins.
In the
Shag Harbour incident, a large object sequentially flashing lights was seen and heard to dive into the water by multiple witnesses. The
Royal Canadian Mounted Police
and many local residents also witnessed a light floating on the water
immediately afterward, and a large patch of unusual yellow foam when a
water search was initiated. Multiple government agencies were eventually
involved in trying to identify the crashed object and searching for it.
Canadian naval divers later purportedly found no wreckage. In official
documents, the object was called a "UFO" because no conventional
explanation for the crashed object was discovered. Around the same time,
both the Canadian and US military were involved in another UFO-related
search at
Shelburne, Nova Scotia, approximately 30 miles from Shag Harbour.
France
On March 2007, the French
Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES)
published an archive of UFO sightings and other phenomena online.
[60]
French studies include GEPAN/SEPRA/
GEIPAN (1977–), within the French space agency
CNES,
the longest ongoing government-sponsored investigation. About 14% of
some 6000 cases studied remained unexplained. The official opinion of
GEPAN/SEPRA/
GEIPAN
has been neutral or negative, but the three heads of the studies have
gone on record in stating that UFOs were real physical flying machines
beyond our knowledge or that the best explanation for the most
inexplicable cases was an extraterrestrial one.
[61]
The French
COMETA
panel (1996–1999) was a private study undertaken mostly by aerospace
scientists and engineers affiliated with CNES and high-level French Air
Force military intelligence analysts, with ultimate distribution of
their study intended for high government officials. The COMETA panel
likewise concluded the best explanation for the inexplicable cases was
the extraterrestrial hypothesis and went further in accusing the United
States government of a massive cover-up.
[62]
United Kingdom
The UK's
Flying Saucer Working Party
published its final report in 1951, which remained secret for over 50
years. The Working Party concluded that all UFO sightings could be
explained as misidentifications of ordinary objects or phenomena,
optical illusions, psychological misperceptions/aberrations, or hoaxes.
The report stated: "We accordingly recommend very strongly that no
further investigation of reported mysterious aerial phenomena be
undertaken, unless and until some material evidence becomes available."
Eight file collections on UFO sightings, dating from 1978 to 1987,
were first released on May 14, 2008, to the UK National Archives by the
Ministry of Defence.
[63]
Although kept secret from the public for many years, most of the files
have low levels of classification and none are classified Top Secret.
200 files are set to be made public by 2012. The files are
correspondence from the public sent to government officials, such as the
MoD and
Margaret Thatcher. The MoD released the files under the
Freedom of Information Act due to requests from researchers.
[64] These files include, but are not limited to, UFOs over
Liverpool and the
Waterloo Bridge in London.
[65]
On October 20, 2008 more UFO files were released. One case released detailed that in 1991 an
Alitalia passenger aircraft was approaching
Heathrow Airport when the pilots saw what they described as a "
cruise missile"
fly extremely close to the cockpit. The pilots believed that a
collision was imminent. UFO expert David Clarke says that this is one of
the most convincing cases for a UFO he has come across.
[66]
A secret study of UFOs was undertaken for the UK’s Ministry of Defence (MoD) between 1996 and 2000 and was code-named
Project Condign.
The resulting report, titled "Unidentified Aerial Phenomena in the UK
Defence Region", was publicly released in 2006, but the identity and
credentials of whomever constituted Project Condign remains classified.
The report confirmed earlier findings that the main causes of UFO
sightings are misidentification of man-made and natural objects. The
report noted: "No artefacts of unknown or unexplained origin have been
reported or handed to the UK authorities, despite thousands of
UAP reports. There are no
SIGINT,
ELINT or radiation measurements and little useful video or still
IMINT."
It concluded: "There is no evidence that any UAP, seen in the UKADR [UK
Air Defence Region], are incursions by air-objects of any intelligent
(extraterrestrial or foreign) origin, or that they represent any hostile
intent." A little-discussed conclusion of the report was that novel
meteorological plasma phenomenon akin to
Ball Lightning are responsible for "the majority, if not all" of otherwise inexplicable sightings, especially reports of
Black Triangle UFOs.
[67]
In August 2009
The Black Vault internet archive announced the release by the British government of more than 4,000 pages of declassified records.
[68] The records include information on the
Rendlesham Forest incident,
crop circles, a UFO attack on a cemetery and even reports of
alien abduction claims.
[69]
On December 1, 2009, the
British Ministry of Defense
(MoD) quietly closed down its UFO investigations unit. The unit's
hotline and email address were suspended by the Ministry of Defense on
that date. The MoD said there was no value in continuing to receive and
investigate sightings in a release, stating
-
- "... in over fifty years, no UFO report has revealed any evidence
of a potential threat to the United Kingdom. The MoD has no specific
capability for identifying the nature of such sightings. There is no
Defence benefit in such investigation and it would be an inappropriate
use of defence resources. Furthermore, responding to reported UFO
sightings diverts MoD resources from tasks that are relevant to
Defence."
The Guardian
reported that the MoD claimed the closure would save the Ministry
around £50,000 a year. The MoD said that it would continue to release
UFO files to the public through the National Archives.
[70]
Notable cases
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This section requires expansion. (October 2010) |
- According to records released on August 5, 2010, British wartime prime minister Winston Churchill
banned the reporting for 50 years of an alleged UFO incident because of
fears it could create mass panic. Reports given to Churchill asserted
that the incident involved an RAF reconnaissance plane returning from a
mission in France or Germany toward the end of the Second World War.
It was over or near the English coastline when it was allegedly
intercepted by a strange metallic object that matched the aircraft's
course and speed for a time before accelerating away and disappearing.
The plane's crew were reported to have photographed the object, which
they said had "hovered noiselessly" near the aircraft, before moving
off.[71]
According to the documents, details of the coverup emerged when a man
wrote the government in 1999 seeking to find out more about the incident
and described how his grandfather, who had served with the Royal Air Force (RAF) in the Second World War, was present when Churchill and U.S. General Dwight Eisenhower discussed how to deal with the UFO encounter.[72][73]
The files come from more than 5,000 pages of UFO reports, letters and
drawings from members of the public, as well as questions raised in
Parliament. They are available to download from The National Archives
website.[74]
- In the April 1957 West Freugh Incident
in Scotland, named after the principal military base involved, two
unidentified objects flying high over the UK were tracked by radar
operators. The objects were reported to operate at speeds and perform
maneuvers beyond the capability of any known craft. Also significant is
their alleged size, which – based on the radar returns – was closer to
that of a ship than an aircraft.
- In the Rendlesham Forest incident
of December 1980, US military personnel witnessed UFOs near the air
base at Woodbridge, Suffolk, over a period of three nights. On one night
the deputy base commander, Col. Charles Halt, and other personnel
followed one or more UFOs that were moving in and above the forest for
several hours. Col. Halt made an audio recording while this was
happening and subsequently wrote an official memorandum summarizing the
incident. After retirement from the military, he said that he had
deliberately downplayed the event (officially termed 'Unexplained
Lights') to avoid damaging his career. Other base personnel are said to
have observed one of the UFOs, which had landed in the forest, and even
gone up to and touched it.
Uruguay
The Uruguayan Air Force has been conducting an ongoing UFO
investigation since 1989 and analyzed 2100 cases, of which they regard
only 40 (about 2%) as definitely lacking any conventional explanation.
All files have recently been declassified. The unexplained cases include
military jet interceptions, abductions, cattle mutilations, and
physical landing trace evidence. Colonel Ariel Sanchez, who currently
heads the investigation, summarized its findings as follows: "The
commission managed to determine modifications to the chemical
composition of the soil where landings are reported. The phenomenon
exists. It could be a phenomenon that occurs in the lower sectors of the
atmosphere, the landing of aircraft from a foreign air force, up to the
extraterrestrial hypothesis. It could be a monitoring probe from outer
space, much in the same way that we send probes to explore distant
worlds. The UFO phenomenon exists in the country. I must stress that the
Air Force does not dismiss an extraterrestrial hypothesis based on our
scientific analysis."
[75]
Astronomer reports
The United States Air Force's
Project Blue Book files indicate that approximately 1 %
[76]
of all unknown reports came from amateur and professional astronomers
or other users of telescopes (such as missile trackers or surveyors). In
1952, astronomer
J. Allen Hynek,
then a consultant to Blue Book, conducted a small survey of 45 fellow
professional astronomers. Five reported UFO sightings (about 11%). In
the 1970s, astrophysicist
Peter A. Sturrock conducted two large surveys of the
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics and
American Astronomical Society. About 5 % of the members polled indicated that they had had UFO sightings.
Astronomer
Clyde Tombaugh, who admitted to six UFO sightings, including three
green fireballs,
supported the Extraterrestrial hypothesis (ETH) for UFOs and stated he
thought scientists who dismissed it without study were being
"unscientific". Another astronomer was
Lincoln LaPaz,
who had headed the Air Force's investigation into the green fireballs
and other UFO phenomena in New Mexico. LaPaz reported two personal
sightings, one of a green fireball, the other of an anomalous disc-like
object. (Both Tombaugh and LaPaz were part of Hynek's 1952 survey.)
Hynek himself took two photos through the window of a commercial
airliner of a disc-like object that seemed to pace his aircraft.
[77] Even later UFO debunker
Donald Menzel filed
a UFO report in 1949.
In 1980, a survey of 1800 members of various amateur astronomer associations by Gert Helb and Hynek for the
Center for UFO Studies
(CUFOS) found that 24 % responded "yes" to the question "Have you ever
observed an object which resisted your most exhaustive efforts at
identification?"
[78]
Identification of UFOs
Fata Morgana, a type of mirage in which objects located
below the astronomical
horizon
appear to be hovering in the sky, may be responsible for some UFO
sightings. Fata Morgana can also magnify the appearance of distant
objects or distort them to be unrecognizable.
[79]
Studies show that after careful investigation, the majority of UFOs can be identified as ordinary objects or phenomena (see
Identification studies of UFOs). The most commonly found identified sources of UFO reports are:
- Astronomical objects (bright stars, planets, meteors, re-entering man-made spacecraft, artificial satellites, and the moon)
- Aircraft (Aerial advertising and other aircraft, missile launches)
- Balloons (weather balloons, prank balloons, large research balloons)
- Other atmospheric objects and phenomena (birds, unusual clouds, kites, flares)
- Light phenomena (mirages, Fata Morgana, moon dogs, searchlights and other ground lights, etc.)
- Hoaxes
A 1952–1955
study by the
Battelle Memorial Institute
for the US Air Force included these categories as well as a
"psychological" one. However, the scientific analysts were unable to
come up with prosaic explanations for 21.5 % of the 3200 cases they
examined and 33 % of what were considered the best cases remained
unexplained, double the number of the worst cases. (See full statistical
breakdown in
Identification studies of UFOs).
Of the 69 % identifieds, 38 % were deemed definitely explained while
31 % were thought to be "questionable." About 9 % of the cases were
considered to have insufficient information to make a determination.
The official French government UFO investigation
(GEPAN/SEPRA/GEIPAN), run within the French space agency CNES between
1977 and 2004, scientifically investigated about 6000 cases and found
that 13.5 % defied any rational explanation, 46 % were deemed definitely
or likely identifiable, while 41 % lacked sufficient information for
classification.
An individual 1979 study by
CUFOS researcher
Allan Hendry
found, as did other investigations, that only a small percentage of
cases he investigated were hoaxes (<1 %) and that most sightings were
actually honest misidentifications of prosaic phenomena. Hendry
attributed most of these to inexperience or misperception.
[80] However, Hendry's figure for unidentified cases was considerably lower than many other UFO studies such as
Project Blue Book or the
Condon Report
that have found rates of unidentified cases ranging from 6 % to 30 %.
Hendry found that 88.6 % of the cases he studied had a clear prosaic
explanation, and he discarded a further 2.8 % due to unreliable or
contradictory witnesses or insufficient information. The remaining 8.6 %
of reports could not definitively be explained by prosaic phenomena,
although he felt that a further 7.1 % could possibly be explained,
leaving only the very best 1.5 % without plausible explanation.
UFO hypotheses
Main article:
UFO hypotheses
Associated claims
Besides anecdotal visual sightings, reports sometimes include claims
of other kinds of evidence, including cases studied by the military and
various government agencies of different countries (such as
Project Blue Book, the
Condon Committee, the French
GEPAN/SEPRA, and Uruguay's current Air Force study).
A comprehensive scientific review of cases where physical evidence
was available was carried out by the 1998 Sturrock UFO panel, with
specific examples of many of the categories listed below.
[81]
- Radar
contact and tracking, sometimes from multiple sites. These have
included military personnel and control tower operators, simultaneous
visual sightings, and aircraft intercepts. One such recent example were
the mass sightings of large, silent, low-flying black triangles in 1989 and 1990 over Belgium, tracked by NATO radar and jet interceptors, and investigated by Belgium's military (included photographic evidence).[82] Another famous case from 1986 was the JAL 1628 case over Alaska investigated by the FAA.
- Photographic evidence, including still photos, movie film, and video.
- Claims of physical trace of landing UFOs, including ground
impressions, burned and/or desiccated soil, burned and broken foliage,
magnetic anomalies[specify], increased radiation levels, and metallic traces. See, e. g. Height 611 UFO Incident or the 1964 Lonnie Zamora's Socorro, New Mexico encounter of the USAF Project Blue Book cases). A well-known example from December 1980 was the USAF Rendlesham Forest Incident in England. Another occurred in January 1981 in Trans-en-Provence and was investigated by GEPAN, then France's official government UFO-investigation agency. Project Blue Book head Edward J. Ruppelt described a classic 1952 CE2 case involving a patch of charred grass roots.
- Physiological effects on people and animals including temporary paralysis, skin burns and rashes, corneal burns, and symptoms superficially resembling radiation poisoning, such as the Cash-Landrum incident in 1980.
- Animal/cattle mutilation cases, that some feel are also part of the UFO phenomenon.
- Biological effects on plants such as increased or decreased growth,
germination effects on seeds, and blown-out stem nodes (usually
associated with physical trace cases or crop circles)
- Electromagnetic interference (EM) effects. A famous 1976 military case over Tehran, recorded in CIA and DIA classified documents, was associated with communication losses in multiple aircraft and weapons system failure in an F-4 Phantom II jet interceptor as it was about to fire a missile on one of the UFOs.[83]
- Apparent remote radiation detection, some noted in FBI and CIA documents occurring over government nuclear installations at Los Alamos National Laboratory and Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 1950, also reported by Project Blue Book director Ed Ruppelt in his book.
- Claimed artifacts of UFOs themselves, such as 1957, Ubatuba, Brazil, magnesium fragments analyzed by the Brazilian government and in the Condon Report and by others. The 1964 Socorro/Lonnie Zamora incident also left metal traces, analyzed by NASA.[84]
A more recent example involves "the Bob White object" a tear drop
shaped object recovered by Bob White and was featured in the TV show UFO Hunters.
- Angel hair and angel grass, possibly explained in some cases as nests from ballooning spiders or chaff.[citation needed]
Reverse engineering
Attempts have been made to
reverse engineer the possible
physics
behind UFOs through analysis of both eyewitness reports and the
physical evidence, on the assumption that they are powered vehicles.
Examples are former
NASA and nuclear engineer James McCampbell in his book
Ufology,
NACA/
NASA engineer Paul R. Hill in his book
Unconventional Flying Objects, and German rocketry pioneer
Hermann Oberth. Among subjects tackled by McCampbell, Hill, and Oberth was the question of how UFOs can fly at
supersonic speeds without creating a
sonic boom. McCampbell's proposed solution is
microwave plasma parting the air in front of the craft. In contrast, Hill and Oberth believed UFOs utilize an as-yet-unknown
anti-gravity
field to accomplish the same thing as well as provide propulsion and
protection of occupants from the effects of high acceleration.
[85]
Ufology
Ufology is a
neologism describing the collective efforts of those who study UFO reports and associated evidence.
Researchers
Sightings
Organizations
Categorization
Some ufologists recommend that observations be classified according
to the features of the phenomenon or object that are reported or
recorded. Typical categories include:
- Saucer, toy-top, or disk-shaped "craft" without visible or audible propulsion. (day and night)
- Large triangular "craft" or triangular light pattern, usually reported at night.
- Cigar-shaped "craft" with lighted windows (Meteor fireballs are sometimes reported this way, but are very different phenomena).
- Other: chevrons, (equilateral) triangles, crescent, boomerangs,
spheres (usually reported to be shining, glowing at night), domes,
diamonds, shapeless black masses, eggs, pyramids and cylinders, classic
"lights".
Popular UFO classification systems include the
Hynek system, created by
J. Allen Hynek, and the
Vallée system, created by
Jacques Vallée.
Hynek's system involves dividing the sighted object by appearance,
subdivided further into the type of "close encounter" (a term from which
the film director
Steven Spielberg derived the title of his UFO movie, "Close Encounters of the Third Kind").
Jacques Vallée's system classifies UFOs into five broad types, each
with from three to five subtypes that vary according to type.
Scientific skepticism
A
scientifically skeptical group that has for many years offered critical analysis of UFO claims is the
Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI).
Responding to local beliefs that "extraterrestrial beings" in UFOs were responsible for
crop circles
appearing in Indonesia, the government and the National Aeronautics and
Space Agency (Lapan) described them as "man-made". Thomas Djamaluddin,
research professor of astronomy and astrophysics at Lapan stated: "We
have come to agree that this 'thing' cannot be scientifically proven. A
professor at the Indonesian National Aeronautics and Space Agency put
UFOs in the category of
pseudoscience."
[86]
Conspiracy theories
UFOs are sometimes an element of
conspiracy theories
in which governments are allegedly intentionally "covering up" the
existence of aliens or sometimes collaborating with them. There are many
versions of this story; some are exclusive, while others overlap with
various other conspiracy theories.
In the U.S., an opinion poll conducted in 1997 suggested that 80 % of
Americans believed the U.S. government was withholding such
information.
[87][88] Various notables have also expressed such views. Some examples are astronauts
Gordon Cooper and
Edgar Mitchell, Senator
Barry Goldwater, Vice Admiral
Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter (the first
CIA director),
Lord Hill-Norton (former British Chief of Defense Staff and
NATO head), the 1999 high-level French
COMETA report by various French generals and aerospace experts, and
Yves Sillard (former director of the French space agency
CNES, new director of French UFO research organization
GEIPAN).
[89]
It has also been suggested by a few paranormal authors that all or
most human technology and culture is based on extraterrestrial contact.
See also
ancient astronauts.
Allegations of evidence suppression
There have been allegations of suppression of UFO related evidence
for many decades. There are claims that physical evidence might have
been removed and/or destroyed/suppressed by some governments.
Famous hoaxes
- The Maury Island incident
- The Ummo
affair, a decades-long series of detailed letters and documents
allegedly from extraterrestrials. The total length of the documents is
at least 1000 pages, and some estimate that further undiscovered
documents may total nearly 4000 pages. A José Luis Jordan Pena came
forward in the early nineties claiming responsibility for the
phenomenon, and most[who?] consider there to be little reason to challenge his claims.[90]
- George Adamski
over the space of two decades made various claims about his meetings
with telepathic aliens from nearby planets. He claimed that photographs
of the far side of the moon taken by a Soviet orbital probe in 1959 were
fake, and that there were cities, trees and snow-capped mountains on
the far side of the moon. Among copycats was a shadowy British figure
named Cedric Allingham.
- Ed Walters, a building contractor, in 1987 allegedly perpetrated a hoax in Gulf Breeze,
Florida. Walters claimed at first having seen a small UFO flying near
his home and took some photographs of the craft. Walters reported and
documented a series of UFO sightings over a period of three weeks and
took several photographs. These sightings became famous and were called Gulf Breeze UFO incident.
Three years later, in 1990, after the Walters family had moved, the new
residents discovered a model of a UFO poorly hidden in the attic that
bore an undeniable resemblance to the craft in Walters' photographs.
Most investigators like the forensic photo expert William G. Hyzer[91] now consider the sightings to be a hoax.
- Warren William "Billy" Smith is a popular writer and confessed hoaxster.[92]
In popular culture
UFOs constitute a widespread international
cultural phenomenon of the last 60 years.
Gallup polls
rank UFOs near the top of lists for subjects of widespread recognition.
In 1973, a survey found that 95 percent of the public reported having
heard of UFOs, whereas only 92 percent had heard of
U.S. President Gerald Ford in a 1977 poll taken just nine months after he left the
White House.
[93] A 1996
Gallup poll reported that 71 percent of the United States population believed that the
government was covering up information regarding UFOs. A 2002
Roper poll for the
Sci Fi Channel found similar results, but with more people believing that UFOs are
extraterrestrial
craft. In that latest poll, 56 percent thought UFOs were real craft and
48 percent that aliens had visited the Earth. Again, about 70 percent
felt the government was not sharing everything it knew about UFOs or
extraterrestrial life. In the film
Yellow Submarine,
Ringo states that the yellow submarine that is following him "must be one of them unidentified flying cupcakes."
[94][95][96]
Another effect of the flying saucer type of UFO sightings has been
Earth-made flying saucer craft in space fiction, for example the Earth
spacecraft
Starship C-57D in
Forbidden Planet, the
Jupiter Two in
Lost in Space, and the saucer section of the
USS Enterprise in
Star Trek, and many others.
nah because time does not allow, kita ketemu di post depan aja sambil nunggu pemenang AMKM episode 1.
Wassalam.
(Ps: nama asliku kan M. Alvin Alfando, tapi kurasa unsur ketidaksengajaan terjadi ketika membuat blog ini. harusnya Alfandofunny tapi malah Alvandofunny. sebenarnya "Alvando" berasal dari gabungan dari "
Alvin" dan "Alf
ando" (Liatin huruf yang
Bold aja ya) tapi teman-teman (sampai Guruku) salah terus jadinya Alvando padahal harusnya kan' Alfando. jadi mohon pengertiannya & minta maaf ya bagi nama yang disebut di Kolom Ps ini yaa.)
Hip-hip-hura! kemaren Jokowi-Ahok menang Pemilukada! tepuk tangan! 
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